Introducing the Ladies' Dining Society
A quietly radical group
Hello and welcome to Cambridge Ladies Dining Society. *Special thanks to all the generous paid subscribers who joined or upgraded their subscriptions last month, and I’m looking forward to our book club discussion of The Rector’s Daughter on 21 September.* This week, as pencils are sharpened and schoolbags are dusted off in preparation for the new term at colleges and universities, I wanted to introduce the remarkable group of twelve Victorian women that this publication is named after. They were all married to Cambridge University professors and college Masters, but didn’t want to just play the role of dutiful academic wife. It starts with an imaginary section, setting the scene…
The professors were left to fend for themselves for the evening. Some drifted off happily to dine in their respective colleges, thinking about important matters to be discussed. Others were having solitary suppers in their studies, books and papers piled up around them. Their wives had arranged the suppers, given detailed instructions to cooks and servants, written letters and lists, and made all the arrangements. Then they put on their evening dresses and jewellery, gathered up their notes, and set off on foot, by cab or even on bicycles. Shortly afterwards, these twelve Cambridge women sat down to dinner together. Their own evening had begun at last.
In 1890, Louise Creighton and Kathleen Lyttelton, both published writers who happened to be married to Cambridge dons, decided to form a dining and discussion club of their own. They invited a select group of nine of their women friends to join (later Ellen Darwin, who I wrote about here, became the twelfth member). ‘Not without an idea of retaliating on the husbands who dined in College’1 they agreed to take it in turn to arrange a dinner once a term and choose a suitable subject for serious discussion.
‘The hostess not only provided a good dinner (though champagne was not allowed),’ recalled Mary Paley Marshall, ‘but also a suitable topic of conversation, should one be required, and she was allowed to introduce an outside lady at her dinner; but it was an exclusive society, for one black ball was enough to exclude a proposed new member.’
They called themselves the Ladies’ Dining Society, a name that sounds rather quaint and privileged nowadays. But it was an act of rebelliousness all the same. In 1890, when the club began, Cambridge University was still very much a highly traditional male world, with its few (unofficial) female students, lecturers and college workers living in colleges outside the town. Women had always been part of university life, of course but only as poorly paid domestic servants and ‘bedders’ (cleaners).
In 1882 the university dropped an ancient statute forbidding college fellows from marrying (yes, until then they really were expected to live like monks). The first generation of academics’ wives who arrived in Cambridge were ‘welcomed’ in a rather bizarre ritual (see my post below) then expected to fit in. One of their duties was to be the gracious hosts of elaborate formal dinner parties for senior university members and their wives. But these women, who were often highly educated themselves, were excluded from their husbands’ college high tables (= formal dinners) and the discussions that went on there.
The Cambridge bride
The quietly radical women who settled in Cambridge in the 1870s and 1880s wanted to make a difference in the world, and together they decided to do things their own, non-traditional way.
The group who called themselves the ‘Ladies’ Dining Society’ agreed to gather together once a term (less frequently in later years) from 1890 until 1914 and was, in the words of the economist John Maynard Keynes, ‘a remarkable group’. Its twelve women members were all high achievers in their own right, including Mary Paley Marshall (1850-1944) was one of Cambridge’s first women students who would later co-found the university’s economics library; Mary Ward (1851-1933) fought for women’s degrees in 1897 (see below) and became a leading suffragist playwright.
Maud Darwin (1861-1947) campaigned for the introduction of women police officers in Britain during the First World War, while the contribution of Ida Darwin (1854-1946) to introducing a radical new form of mental healthcare, based on talking therapies for shellshocked WW1 soldiers, has yet to be recognized. Kathleen Lyttelton (1856-1907), who looks so languid in the portrait above, was in fact a powerhouse of feminist activism and an influential suffragist who later became the editor of a women’s pages section in a national newspaper. She was the first editor to commission, and pay for, book reviews by a young Virginia Stephen, and Woolf never forgot the thrill of her first pay cheque.
The Ladies’ Dining Society was a testament to friendship and intellectual debate at a time when women’s voices went largely unheard.
Virginia Woolf called Cambridge ‘that detestable place’ for denying educational opportunities to female students and scholars. But these quietly radical women worked together to make a difference to the lives of others, and their influence went far beyond college walls.
For almost twenty-five years, from 1890 to 1914, the Ladies’ Dining Society provided a network of friendship and a space for debate in Cambridge where women’s voices would be heard, and it helped to give its members the support and inspiration they needed to take on bigger challenges. I’ll be exploring more of their stories in future posts.
Thank you so much for reading, subscribing and ‘liking’ this post. I hope you have a good new start of term, in whatever form that takes. Next week’s piece will be about a more shameful aspect of Cambridge University’s past, when during the nineteenth century ancient laws allowed proctors to arrest and imprison unchaperoned women found walking the streets of Cambridge after dark. A new book throws light on that dark history.
Further reading: My entry on ‘ The Ladies Dining Society’ is in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (available online in many public libraries); the Wiki entry here is based on that article, with my permission. ‘The Rising Tide: Women at Cambridge’ (online article about the 2019-2020 exhibition at Cambridge University Library); Mary Paley Marshall, What I Remember (1947); Linda Hughes, ‘A Club of Their Own: The “Literary Ladies,” New Women Writers, and Fin-de-Siècle Authorship’ (Victorian Literature and Culture Vol. 35, Issue 1, March 2007, pp. 233-260.
E. Sidgwick, Mrs Henry Sidgwick: a memoir by her niece (1938), p. 115.
I loved reading this résumé of the Ladies' Dining Society, but of course I'm biased! Kathleen Lyttelton also became the President of The National Union of Women Workers in 1901 and 1902. Thank you Ann for writing about the Society.
This is, as ever, so interesting. But...DONS WEREN'T ALLOWED TO MARRY? We have already read about how WOMEN WEREN'T ALLOWED TO TAKE DEGREES. What kind of education was anyone able to receive, when the people in charge of providing it were clearly insane?